Implications of holdfast availability and patchiness on juvenile seahorse ( <i>Hippocampus reidi</i> ) condition and welfare: Simulations in captivity

Seahorses (Genus Hippocampus; Family Syngnathidae) are iconic fish characterised by tails with prehensile capabilities, which develop after the transition from planktonic to benthonic lifestyle. As a result, seahorses remain attached vegetal structures or other elements most of time, both in wild and under rearing conditions. In present simulation study, we assessed effect artificial holdfast on welfare Hippocampus reidi juveniles maintained for 30 days culture For that, availability patchiness were considered, simulating different levels habitat complexity. The results attained bioindicators (survival, growth, distribution final colouration) suggest that viability deprived was not hampered. However, differences observed colouration would be result superior condition fishes presence attachment structures. addition, lower aggregation promoted low complexity simulated habitats. seem indicate does affect juvenile's but provides better conditions shelter fast access prey. further investigations needed evaluate potential detrimental effects unavailability as physiological stressor factor.